Internet Use in Real Estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Internet Use in Real Estate - Essay Example Using internet in real estate marketing; for the years industry analyst had predicted a growth in internet uses and fundamental changes in the real estate services, though the number of the internet users continue to grow, changes in the real estate services have not been that fundamental. The increase in the use of internet, specifically the World Wide Web (www) in the past ten years or so has been exceptional and has impacted almost every sector in developed nations. Among the most significant aspect in individuals' lives, is their housing condition. In many western countries this is normally a residential property which is owned by the person occupying it. Thus owner-occupiers have a high interest in the way residential markets operate. Which the trend in the market changing and many real estate firms adopting internet as a marketing tool, for selling, advertising and listing, this paper will seek to find out how the use of world wide web and e-commence has impacted the real estate industry and how a company can adopt the use of internet in its operations (Baen and Guttery, 1997) To address this subject, the study paper will carry on, along the following field: internet will have to be defined for reasons of theoretical clarity; e-commerce, definition and essentials, and functions will be underscored; reasons for real estate using e-commerce will be discuses, and how to create an effective website for real estate companies will be discussed at length; and lastly "a way forward" in terms of a conclusion will be provided How the characteristics of e-commerce make it a new force in business operations What is e-commerce E-commerce is the trade of services and products by means of computer networks or the internet. Chan, Lee, & Dillon, (2001) defines e-commerce as selling and buying of goods or services using electronic media it follows the basic principles of traditional commerce but in this case, buyers and sellers swap commodities through the internet for money. In e-commerce sellers and consumers of products transact business over networked computerized processes. This has offered maximum convenience to buyers and sellers alike. (Kroll, 2000) Buyers in this form of business get the opportunity to compare prices, quality and other factors before deciding to undertake the transaction. The buyer gets advantages of saving on physical transport costs and he/she can a product even from far place on a click of the mouse. Importance of e-commerce as a strategic component of real estates business E-commerce serves as a vital strategic tool for companies. When e-commerce is well used in real estate compa

Unethical Business Practices of McDonald's Essay

Unethical Business Practices of McDonald's - Essay Example The empirical study of Gibison (2006), the fast-food items offered by McDonald’s to its global consumers have major contribution towards extensive form of health issues irrespective of their age groups. In this regard, major obesity, heart diseases along with asthma and higher possibility of mad-cow diseases are the major cases that are evident to be caused directly and indirectly from the food items offered by the company to its consumers (Gibison, 2006). Correspondingly, Stony Brook University (1998) has critically explored the diet contents in each McDonald’s products includes major health issues for the consumers especially the young adults. In this regard, the research report states that the meals offered by the restaurant chains of McDonald’s contribute major amount of fat and the level of sodium that can negatively affect the consumers’ health (Gagnon & Freudenberg, 2012). For instance, the report has illustrated the example of its new Spanish omele tte bagel, which deliberately contains 40 grams of fat along with 710 calories and 275mg of cholesterol that can severely deteriorate the health condition of consumers. In addition, the presence of 1,520 mg of sodium in the product can severely make the consumer face a critical health issue (Stony Brook University, 1998).  In addition, the article published by Jourdan & Baertlein (2014) in Thompson Reuters critically illustrates about the scandals in the company’s food safety process. According to the issues identified in the article, the local meat suppliers of the company.

Peter Osbornes Analysis of Modernity

Peter Osbornes Analysis of Modernity Give an account of the specific characteristics of ‘modern time’ as outlined by Peter Osborne. The term modernity has become deeply contested in the last quarter of a century. The emergence of deconstruction as a hermeneutic tool of analysis inclined sociologists, historians and philosophers to prefer the concept of post-modernity as a designation of the present. Peter Osborne believes that there is little evidence that could plausibly justify this shift in terminology. He sets out to inquire into the philosophical dimensions of the term modernity and maintains that, once modernity is understood in its theoretical and conceptual complexity, the post-modern fails to display the necessary differentiating criteria that would make it a notion in its own right. At the heart of his investigation thus lies to reveal the inconsistencies in other thinker’s philosophical interpretation of modernity. The first chapter focuses on two interpretations in particular: Marshall Berman’s account of modernity and Perry Anderson’s critique of it.[1] Three aspect takes centre stage in Osborne’s analysis of modernity: modernity as a category of historical periodisation (1), modernity as a quality of social experience (2), and modernity as a project (3).[2] His thesis is that neither Marxism, as it animates Berman’s account of modernity, nor Anderson’s critique captures the peculiar characteristics of modernity as a concept of temporality. The essay will briefly recapitulate Osborne’s rendering of Anderson and Berman’s interpretation and then outline the semantic shifts that led to the conceptual ambiguity of the idea of modernity. Osborne notes first of all the more mundane characteristics of modernity. Philosophers and ordinary people alike would identify the notion of modernity with a ‘distinct span of time’ that is ‘identifiable’ and suggests a particular form of periodisation.[3] This specific type of periodisation however already gives rise to some unsettling conceptual questions, amongst others what modernity in essence actually represents: a concept for understanding the present, or a form of social experience. He notes that modernity is suffused with different forms of time-consciousness and that the temporality of periodisation lies at the heart of the sociological discipline insofar it allows sociologists to engage in cross-temporal comparisons. In fact it is sociology that benefited most from the transformations in the notion of temporality which are somehow reflected in the notion of modernity. Osborne captures the basic dilemma of how to comprehend change in society throu gh the lens of temporal structures: ‘†¦The problematic character of these assumptions (on the nature of the present) comes into view as soon as the issue of change within the present is raised otherwise than as an extrapolation of developmental tendencies built into the relationship between pre-given structural social types†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[4] This problem marks the potential and limitations of sociological inquiry. Modernity is constant change within the present, but we can only understand it through the emergence and transformation of social structures. This may permit us to compare societies across the times but it feeds upon an obscure notion of modernity as an unproblematic form of temporality. What we loose through this sociological kaleidoscope of analysis is the certainty that the historical process is radically open. Osborne contends that Marxism as well as Postmodernism attempt to rectify this problem and that both fail to succeed. Let us now turn to his critique of Marxism first. Osborne credits Marxism with a novel view of historical time. In a way, Marxism reconciles plausibly the concepts of change and temporality while preserving a notion of modernity as something distinctively different to all previous ages. At the core of Marxian analysis lies the modes of production, a starting point that is reminiscent of the sociological view. Osborne points however to the crucial difference between the two by noting that Marxism achieves the visionary fusion of constant change and modern times only at the expense of a historical determinism that undermines any sensible concept of history as an open and uncertain path. In this sense, Marxism fails even more than the sociological view of modernity to attune to the philosophical consequences of the dual characteristics of temporality in modernity: that is denotes a form of time-consciousness and at the same time functions as a periodising category that has inscribed in itself various types of temporality. Berman’s answer to this problem that pervades Marxism as a historical analysis of societal change is, according to Osborne, to replace the historical project of communism with the notion of a radically open future. Osborne remarks caustically that such an act of simple replacement lacks any justification.[5] Anderson’s critique of Berman then provides Osborne with a valuable counter-perspective. The crux of Anderson’s argument is that Berman’s account of modernity fails to acknowledge the differentiated forms of temporal experience that are implicit in modernism as a series of movements.[6] Osborne immediately points to the problem that such a critique would necessarily involve two different usages of modernity. On one hand, Anderson would argue from the perspective of modernity as a designation of a historical phenomenon, whereas on the other hand, he would need to use modernity as a category for the analysis of historical processes. This conceptual discrepancy however invalidates, so Osborne thinks, the potency of his critical remarks.[7] What neither Berman nor Anderson consider is the dual nature of modernity as historical reality and as a concept capable of creating a ‘coherent whole’ through its periodising thrust.[8] He concludes that philosophers must recognise the nature of the ‘reflexivity of the historical experience’. He writes: ‘For there is something decidedly new about modernity as a category of historical periodisation: namely, that unlike other forms of epochal periodisation †¦, it is defined solely in terms of temporal determinants†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢.[9] The key to reconciling these different aspects of modernity is what Kosselleck would term a Begriffsgeschichte, a history of the concept. Mapping the semantic change that the concept of modernity undergoes can provide us with clues as to its complex philosophical conditions. So while neither Anderson nor Berman consider the ‘logic of modernity as a category of historical periodisation’ they fail to comprehend that modernity is not a chronological category (Adorno).[10] Kosselleck’s interpretation of the emergence of the term Neue Zeit (new time) hints, so Osborne believes, at the structure of temporality that characterises modernity in contradistinction to other forms of temporality in pre-modern times. The critical intervention occurred with the claim of the Enlightenment that the new times were marked by recognition of autonomous reason. Modernity thus acquired a sense of something qualitatively new. It provided for the first time in history a ‘conceptual space for abstract temporality of qualitative newness’.[11] While modernity could now be understood as a form of social experience, it also was seen as something that happened and continues to happen. While the latter was hinted at already in the process of the accumulation of capital as conceptualised in Marx’s critique of capitalism, the former aspect of modernity now unfolded into two dimensions: firstly, the experience of contemporaneity, and secondly, the experience of ‘register[ing] this contemporaneity in terms of a qualitatively new, self-transcending temporality.’[12] Osborne notes that this ‘†¦is achieved through the abstraction of the logical structure of the process of change from its concrete historical determinants – an abstraction which parallels that at work in the development of money as a store of value.’[13] This would now complete Osborne’s alternative interpretation of the relationship between temporality and modernity. As he summarily remarks: ‘Modernity is permanent transition. Modernity has no fixed, objective referent.’[14] In a critical addendum he analyses Habermas and Foucault’s notion of modernity and concludes that both fail to distance themselves from the project of constructing improbable ‘universal histories with cosmopolitan intent’.[15] Modernity as Osborne outlines it in his critical review of various thinkers is inexorably tied in with the notion of progress that falsely allows the ‘projection of people’s present as other people’s future.’[16] He thus closes the circle in returning to the fallacy of the sociological account of modernity, one that has exaggerates universalising discourses of progress. Consequently, the idea of decline has no purchasing power in these philosophically erroneous notions of modernity. Bibliography Peter Osborne. The Politics of Time. Modernity and Avant-Garde. London and New York: Verso 1995 Perry Anderson. Modernity and Revolution, in A Zone of Engagement, London and New York: Verso 1992 ____. The Notion of Bourgeois Revolution, in English Questions, London and New York: Verso 1992 Marshall Berman. All that is Solid melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. London and New York, 1983 1 Footnotes [1] Marshall Berman. All that is Solid melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. London and New York, 1983; Perry Anderson. Modernity and Revolution, in A Zone of Engagement, London and New York: Verso 1992; Perry Anderson. The Notion of Bourgeois Revolution, in English Questions, London and New York: Verso 1992; Peter Osborne. The Politics of Time. Modernity and Avant-Garde. London and New York: Verso 1995 [2] Osborne, Politics, p.5. [3] Osborne, Politics, p.1. [4] Osborne, Politics, p.2. [5] Osborne, Politics, p5. [6] Osborne, Politics, p.7. [7] Osborne, Politics, p.7. [8] Osborne, Politics, p.6 and passim. [9] Osborne, Politics, p.8. [10] Osborne, Politics, p.8. [11] Osborne, Politics, p.11. [12] Osborne, Politics, p.14. [13] Osborne, Politics, p.14. [14] Osborne, Politics, p.14. [15] Osborne, Politics, p.16. [16] Osborne, Politics, p.17.

Whats so different? :: essays research papers

From an outside view, Sue Bridehead and Arabella Donn are complete opposites, when they are actually very much alike. Robert B. Heilman insists that they are on complete opposite sides of the spectrum. Sue and Arabella have different personalities, but they are still alike when it comes to Jude. This means that even though Jude compared them and saw that they were poles apart, both of them still had a similar effect on him. Both Arabella and Sue in their respective ways interrupt Jude’s life from the path he was on. Jude’s initial opinion of each of the girls was very different. While he looked at Arabella as common and pitied her, he placed Sue on a pedestal and fell in love with her before he even met her. The manner in which he first interacted with each of them was also very contradictory. He met Arabella because she threw a pig member at him hitting him in the face with it while Jude and Sue meet at a place of martyrdom. Here the reader is shown that Arabella is u nmannerly and Sue well-bred. When Jude and Arabella spent the day together, Jude went only because he felt sorry for her. He told himself that he would go out with her for a short time and come back to read his book. He ended up spending the whole day with her and did not get a chance to look at his books as he had planned. He loses sight of his goal of getting an education at Christminster because he cannot resist Arabella. Jude’s inexperience with women is a disadvantage when he meets Arabella. Even though he knows better than to give into Arabella, Jude cannot help himself. He is intrigued by her and she knows it and uses this to her advantage. Arabella wanted Jude and she plotted with her friends on how she would get him to marry her. Jude married Arabella because she told him that she was pregnant; this was her way of trapping Jude and keeping him. Jude is burdened with the responsibility of taking care of a wife and child and is forced to make a living raising pigs, leaving no time for his dreams of being a scholar. When Jude finds the note from Arabella telling him that she is leaving him, Jude gets a second chance at living out his dream. He decides to go to Christminster with his hopes renewed after ridding himself of all obstacles, primarily consisting of Arabella.

Training and Development Paper

Training is an essential part of any field without which even a qualified person cannot contribute effectively to an organization. It is important to evaluate every kind of training in order to determine whether it is producing the desired goals or it needs to be improved. Evaluation mostly involves getting ongoing feedback from the learner, trainer and supervisor so that there is continuous improvement in the quality and quantity. The different ways through which training can be evaluated are as follows: · Effectiveness of training can be measured through employee performance evaluations which are carried out from time to time as a regular appraisal process. The impact of training can be known by evaluating employee’s performance and training can be altered if necessary. · Training also has impact on business performance therefore evaluating business performance through sales, production costs, output, absenteeism, and turnover. Business performance can also be evaluated through qualitative improvements like quality of products and services, customer satisfaction achieved through superior customer service and greater innovation. · The most useful way is through employee feedback. Employees should be asked directly that if the training was according to their expertise and expectations, what have they learnt and how will they put the training into action, can the training be improved so that it better work etc. Employees might hesitate to give responses face to face therefore, training assessment or evaluation forms can be used for this purpose. · Finally, observation can also be a useful technique for evaluation the effectiveness of the training. Observation should be according to the objective of the training. If the training’s purpose was to enhance the communication skills of the employees then it can be observed how employees communicate with each other and with their customers in order to determine the training effectiveness.Training should be treated as a necessity in the organizations and therefore, it should be continuously reinforced and sustained so that the employees can always show better performance than before. Training should be ongoing in order to sustain the performance of the learners. In order to accomplish this training should be never stopped instead it should be properly evaluated and improved from time to time.There will not come any time when employees don’t need training because the business environment is continuously changing which require different abilities and skills at different times. Therefore, continuous training is the right way to sustain and reinforce better performance. Another way is support from the top management. When the superiors support their subordinates in acquiring knowledge then training can be reinforced. Thus, providing training is not the end instead sustaining and reinforcing it is also critical to ensure its effectiveness.REFERENCESBramley, P. (1991). Evalu ating Training Effectiveness: Translating Theory into Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Modern effect towards Shakepears Romeo Essay

I will produce the play in Las Vegas so I can create a modern effect towards Shakepears Romeo & Juliet. I’ve chosen to produce Act 1 Scene 1, because it will show the tension between the two families already before the film unfolds. The scene has lots of action and there’s a variety of things happening. The Montague’s own a casino called Gamblers Paradise. The Capulets are also in the gambling business; their casino is called Snake Eyes. There is a massive rivalry between them because of the substantial amount of money involved and the intense competition. Tybalt wants to shut the Montague’s business for good. The servants are employees of their families casino’s, and the Prince is the head of the F.B.I. Leading up to the scene  There will be a short clip showing how the feud between the two families began. The Montague’s were situated there first. Their income was soaring through the roof, until the Capulets arrived and opened their newly built casino adjacent to them. The Montague’s income plummeted dramatically and they were infuriated about it. So they began their plan to make the Capulets lives hell.When the scene opens, the two Capulet servants walk out of the casino joking and laughing. The camera will face them from the Montague’s casino and will zoom in slowly. The servants walk down the street towards a cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ they always go to every lunch break. As they are walking, the camera has a close up on Sampson when he is talking and when Gregory is talking; the camera switches to him. When they are near the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, the camera goes into the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, moving in a circular movement. Then it stops on Abraham, a Montague servant. Abraham is drinking a cup of coffee. The camera is facing the door of the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from inside, waiting for the Capulet’s to enter. Next, the door swings open and the Capulet’s look around and spot Abraham. The camera switches to Abraham. He sees them in the corner of his eye. He gulps down the last mouth full of coffee and walks over to the counter. The camera moves behind the counter. He pays for the coffee and turns to the Capulet’s. Gregory says, â€Å"I will frown as I pass by, and let them take it as they list†.  Sampson replies â€Å"Nay, as there. I will bite my thumb at him, which is disgrace to him if he bear it.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Do you bite your thumb at us sir?† says Abraham in a deep shaky voice.  Abraham walks over to them. Then suddenly he lashes out with a punch to Gregory. The camera moves to the right and zooms in on the action. The fight is interrupted by the appearance of Benvolio. Benvolio enters and shouts, â€Å"Part, fools! Put up your hands; you know not what you do.†Ã‚  Tybalt stampedes through the door with attitude and says, â€Å"What art thou drawn among these heartless hinds? Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death.†Ã‚  Benvolio replies, â€Å"I do but keep the peace. Put up thy hand, or it to part these men with me.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montague’s, and thee. Have at thee, coward.† Tybalt replies with anger. Then Abraham pulls out a gun, he is extremely nervous at this moment in time. Sweat runs slowly down his forehead. Sampson kicks the gun out of Abraham’s clench fist. Gregory does a backward roundhouse kick to the face of Abraham, who is stunned. The camera switches behind Abraham and zooms out a bit. He flies through the air and crashes onto a table with a bone-breaking thump. The camera is now at a bird’s eye view of the crisis. Abraham is bleeding from several places and he is unconscious. Blood is trickling from the edge of the table. Citizens gather round shouting, â€Å"Down with the Capulets, down with the Montague’s.†Ã‚  The camera is behind the citizens at head level. Immediately Montague and Capulet appear on the scene. Old Capulet calls for shotgun. For a moment the two wives try to restrain their husbands, but their efforts are unnecessary. The F.B.I squad pulls up outside the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. â€Å"The Worlds Greatest† by R.Kelly is playing in the background. As the prince steps out of his Lexus, the camera has a close up on his face. Prince Escales says loudly through a tannoy, â€Å"Old Capulet and Montague have disturbed our streets once again. If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. For this time all the rest depart away: You Capulet, shall go along with me, and Montague I will come for you this afternoon, to know our further pleasure in this case, to old Free-town, our common judgement-place. Once more, on pain of death, all men depart.† How the scene develops  With the departure of the Prince, the mood changes.  Lady Montague asks â€Å"O where is Romeo? I saw him to day? I am glad he was not at this fray†.  Lady Montague spots Romeo in the distance. The camera zooms in on lady Montague. Benvolio describes the behaviour of his infatuated friend. Romeo gets up before dawn, walking alone in the woods and weeping as the sunrises. The camera follows him from behind, capturing the beautiful sky. He hurries home and locks himself in his room and shuts out the daylight. At this point, â€Å"Hero† by Enrique is playing. These are symptoms of unrequited love, although neither Benvolio nor Romeo’s parents appear to recognise this. How does your treatment of the play show its relevance to people today?  Romeo and Juliet relate very well to today. For example, each family wants revenge on the other. This can relate to the families who were affect by Myra Hindley. She was a sick twisted individual who killed children. Every one wanted her to die and suffer for what she did. All families have disagreements, arguments, and fights but that’s part of life every thing will eventually sort it self-out. So really what happens in Romeo and Juliet isn’t unusual.

An Essay on Being Alone †Creative Writing

An Essay on Being Alone – Creative Writing Free Online Research Papers An Essay on Being Alone Creative Writing Once again I am lying here on my bed staring aimlessly up at the ceiling. My ears are focused on the air conditioner hum as they have been so many nights before. The covers are pulled tightly to my throat, cloaking my body as an armor. I wonder to myself why this is all of a sudden my life. Nobody ever told me, or at least I never thought living could be so lonely, joyless, and bland. It seems like only yesterday that I was growing up at home, playing, smiling, and basking in the love and adoration of my family and friends. I was always laughing, joking, and enjoying every detail of life. It seems there were no bad days back then. Sometimes I recall and dwell upon the ignorant happiness that youth dictated. I wish that I had seized my childhood memories more carefully instead of letting them flee from my mind like a thief in the night. Suddenly, I realize and am awaken to the fact that I am twenty-eight years old, alone and lonely. Sometimes I am overcome and fear the coming of tomorrow. â€Å"Is this all there is?† I quietly ask myself. I ask myself why this lifestyle has befallen me. Am I not a good person? Have I wronged someone? Have I maybe hurt someone and this is my punishment? Never in all my life have I felt like this. The harder I try to answer my questions, the more further away the answer seems to run and hide from me, like children playing catch me if you can, or hide and go seek. This lifestyle is not of my liking or my choosing. In the not too distant past, my life was that of a perfect picture, a flawless work of art. Mr. Joe Average All-American you would say. Let’s see, where to begin? There was the family, the house, and the entire fulfillment and responsibility of it all. Then like a lightning flash one cold and rainy November day it disappeared, disintegrating before my very eyes. A shattered life now replaces what was once a promising future for all concerned. Sorting out, picking up and piecemealing a new life together best describes my newfound existence. A glorious and jovial existence it is not. Being defeated and broken by this test of life is not an option I consider or give place to. There is a reason we as human beings face different trials in our lives. Quite possibly there is a master plan for all of us. We all face situations, circumstances, and events in our lives that are not to our liking, choosing, or understanding. In my situation, I am not to question why†¦. I am but to do or die. No, I didn’t coin that phrase. No applause please. I heard that phrase somewhere. It speaks volumes to be such a short order of words. There are many people I have found from all walks of life that share my circumstances; both men, women, young, and old alike. I do find some solace and comfort in knowing that I am not alone or indifferent in my struggle. Others do share the same burden. Research Papers on An Essay on Being Alone - Creative WritingThe Spring and AutumnComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelCapital PunishmentStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West Meet

Elder Abuse In Long Term Care Facilities Social Work Essay Essays

Elder Abuse In Long Term Care Facilities Social Work Essay Essays Elder Abuse In Long Term Care Facilities Social Work Essay Essay Elder Abuse In Long Term Care Facilities Social Work Essay Essay 2004 ) . Abnormal psychology of the health professional theory surveies health professionals with terrible emotional or mental wellness jobs or dependences that put the older grownups for whom they care at hazard of being abused. For illustration, a health professional with a mental wellness job who cares for a frail older grownup with cognitive damage is a unsafe combination and may take to resistant behaviour and ill-treatment. Although theoretical models can non explicate all instances of senior ill-treatment, they can supply a foundation for nurses to get down to understand the combination of factors responsible for the happening of senior maltreatment and originate a holistic program of attention. Nursing ASSESSMENT A ; INTERVENTIONS Nurses are in an ideal place to play a important function in the sensing, direction, and bar of senior ill-treatment and may be the lone persons outside of the household who have regular contact with an older grownup. Nurses are unambiguously qualified to execute physical and psychological appraisals, order confirmatory diagnostic trials ( e.g. , blood trials, X raies ) , and collaborate with doctors and protective services. They may authorise services, such as place wellness attention, or urge hospital admittance as they initiate farther probe by the appropriate local bureaus. Opportunities for maltreatment sensing and intercession occur daily in wellness attention scenes. In institutional scenes, nurses may supervise patient wellness and execute wellness history interviews and physical, psychological, sexual, and fiscal maltreatment appraisals that may be important to arouse studies, expose or prevent maltreatment, and intervene for patients safety ( Wieland, 2000 ) . Nurses and other wellness attention suppliers are portion of an interprofessional squad join forcesing to guarantee appropriate, sensitive, and safe results for older grownup patients. Institutional ill-treatment occurs in long-run attention installations, board-and-care places, and other assisted-living installations. Institutional medical managers, private practicians, nurses, and all wellness attention workers in day-to-day contact with older grownups have a duty to place, dainty, and prevent maltreatment. Maltreatment may be perpetrated by a staff member, another patient, an interloper or a visitant, or a household health professional. Abuse may include failure to implement a program of attention or supply intervention, unauthorised usage of physical or chemical restraints, and usage of medicine or isolation for penalty or staff convenience. Nurses must be cognizant of patient diagnosings, medical orders for attention, and medicines and their side effects to acknowledge what is leery and needs farther rating or warrants a study to supervisors. However, most elder ill-treatment does non happen in establishments but in the place at the custodies of a health professional, frequently a household member. Unless nurses are educated about maltreatment and how to detect leery hurts, elder maltreatment may be hard to observe. Definitions of the sorts of maltreatment and their marks and symptoms should be included in the preparation and instruction of household members and wellness attention workers who care for older grownups. Older grownups sing maltreatment may be unable to pass on clearly, their contusions may be attributed to the aging procedure, or they may be fearful and hesitating to describe maltreatment ( Wieland, 2000 ) . Indications of physical maltreatment should signal wellness attention suppliers to measure for other sorts of maltreatment, such as sexual maltreatment. In add-on to inadequate information, preparation, and the health professional s experience of caring for older grownups, older grownups are at hazard for ill-treatment due to other exposures. Older grownup occupants in establishments are typically dependent and inveterate sick and may hold cognitive, ocular, and audile damages. They are normally more frail than are jr. patients and may non hold regular visitants who monitor their mental position, physical status, or wellness attention. In older grownups, each exposure increases their mortality hazard ( Fulmer et al. , 2004 ) . Co-existing conditions and medical diagnosings may take to worse results for older grownups who are abused. They may hold a reduced ability to mend after hurt and may see greater injury from physical hurts than do younger people. Their castanetss are more brickle and weave more easy bruised, abraded, and lacerated with minimum injury. Injured older grownups differ from the younger population in footings of cause of hurt, physical and psychological responses to mistreat and injury, and results. Dementia is common in 50 % of occupants of long-run attention installations ( National Center for Health Statistics, 1985 ) , and cognitive damages frequently cause older grownups to act in a more immune mode toward health professionals. Impaired knowledge, along with deficient resources, staff deficits, high staff turnover, and unequal supervising and preparation, may increase the hazard of senior ill-treatment. In add-on, social ignorance about needed criterions for quality attention and exploited older grownups credence of opprobrious or inattentive behaviour can take to aggravation of senior maltreatment in establishments. Everyday inquiries related to elder maltreatment and disregard can be incorporated into day-to-day nursing pattern. Diminished cognitive capacity does non needfully negate older grownups ability to depict ill-treatment. It is ever sensible for nurses to inquire about maltreatment or disregard. A brief mental position scrutiny can be helpful in measuring patients cognitive position. Appraisal for senior maltreatment should include health professional, every bit good as victim, rating. Nurses should carry on interviews and scrutinies with the patient foremost, in a private scene offprint from the health professional. Clinical scenes should hold a protocol for the sensing and appraisal of senior ill-treatment. Protocols should dwell of a narrative, checklist, or standardized signifiers that enable rapid testing for senior maltreatment and supply guidelines for sound certification that may assist unwrap forms of maltreatment over clip and will defy examination in tribunal. Basic demographic inquiries should be included and should let the interviewer to find the household composing and socioeconomic position. Interviews should continue from general inquiries that assess the patient s sense of wellbeing to those concentrating on specific sorts of maltreatment. Common marks and symptoms of ill-treatment should be evaluated ( Table 2 ) . Elder maltreatment showing instruments are summarized by Fulmer et Al. ( 2004 ) . Questions recommended by Wieland ( 2000 ) for general maltreatment showing and assessment include: * Do you experience safe where you are populating? * Who is responsible for your attention? * Do you frequently disagree with your health professional ( s ) ? If so, what happens? * Does anyone scold or cry at you, slap or hit you, or leave you entirely and do you wait for attention or nutrient? After general showing inquiries, more specific inquiries about sorts of maltreatment may follow: * Has anyone of all time touched you without your consent? * Has anyone of all time made you do things you did non desire to make? * Has anyone of all time taken something that was yours without inquiring? * Have you of all time signed any paperss that you did non understand? Health attention suppliers do non hold to turn out that senior ill-treatment has occurred. They need to test and document leery verbal and physical findings, which may be every bit simple as saying that the patient seems to hold wellness or personal jobs and demands aid. Sound certification may include drawings of hurts on organic structure diagrams or exposure to back up written studies. Leery claims for maltreatment and disregard may be hard to quantify. Diagnosis of senior ill-treatment depends on instruction about maltreatment and application of that cognition by the multidisciplinary squad of wellness attention suppliers, jurisprudence enforcement bureaus, advocators, and patients. Protocols for senior maltreatment showing, appraisal of hazard factors, and certification should be posted in all wellness attention installations. Maltreatment AND THE LAW National criterions for attention in nursing places are based on the Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987. The jurisprudence is portion of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, frequently referred to as OBRA 87. The purpose of the jurisprudence is to advance high-quality attention and prevent substandard attention. The jurisprudence besides seeks to guarantee that the rights of nursing place occupants are respected. These include: * The right of protection against Medicaid favoritism. * The right to take part in wellness attention determinations and to give or keep back informed consent for peculiar intercessions. * The right to safeguards to cut down inappropriate usage of physical and chemical restraints. * The right for commissariats to guarantee proper transportations or discharges. * The right to full entree to a personal doctor, long-run attention ombudsman, and other advocators. * The right to be free from verbal, sexual, physical, or mental maltreatment, bodily penalty, and nonvoluntary privacy. * The right to be free from physical restraints or psychotropic drugs administered for the intent of subject or convenience. About all provinces have compulsory coverage Torahs that require wellness attention professionals and paraprofessionals to describe suspected older maltreatment and disregard to a designated authorization. Some province Torahs specify that after governments have been alerted to suspected senior maltreatment or disregard, an agent of the province must do an onsite probe in an effort to confirm the study. Uniform coverage systems are established, and instances are assigned and investigated by protective services in a timely manner. Cases are assigned and investigated by protective services in a timely manner. Nurses may play an of import function in forestalling and placing senior maltreatment, every bit good as in the subsequent probe. Decision Elder maltreatment is a important job in the United States and frequently goes unreported and unrecognised. Elder maltreatment may be physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, or fiscal. Immediate attention, nightlong lodging, and attention in a safe location, in add-on to long-run attention and home-delivered nutrient, may be necessary. Elder maltreatment may be a minor issue that can be easy resolved or it can ensue in terrible and dangerous enervation. The more cognition wellness attention suppliers have, the more likely they are to establish schemes for maltreatment bar and direction. No affair how minor or terrible the maltreatment, nurses have a responsibility to measure aged patients harmonizing to recommended protocols and study suspected abuse to designated governments. The multidisciplinary squad so works together to assist decide the issue. The application of cognition about senior maltreatment includes showing, appraisal, and sound certification in an effort to heighten the quality of life and maximise the functional ability of older grownups. [ Sidebar ]

Founding and History of the New Jersey Colony

Founding and History of the New Jersey Colony John Cabot was the first European explorer to come into contact with the New Jersey shore. Henry Hudson also explored this area as he searched for the northwest passage. The area that would later be New Jersey was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company gave Michael Pauw a patroonship in New Jersey. He called his land Pavonia. In 1640, a Swedish community was created in present-day New Jersey on the Delaware River. However, it is not until 1660 that the first permanent European settlement of Bergen was created.   The Motivation for Founding the New Jersey Colony In 1664, James, the Duke of York, received control of New Netherland. He sent a small English force to blockade the harbor at New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant surrendered to the English without a fight. King Charles II had granted the lands between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers to the Duke. He then granted land  to two of his friends, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, that would become New Jersey. The name of the colony comes from the Isle of Jersey, Carterets birthplace. The two advertised and promised settlers many benefits for colonizing including representative government and freedom of religion. The colony quickly grew. Richard Nicolls was made the governor of the area. He granted 400,000 acres to a group of Baptists, Quakers, and Puritans. These resulted in the creation of many towns including Elizabethtown and Piscataway. The Dukes Laws were issued that allowed for religious tolerance for all Protestants. In addition, a general assembly was created. Sale of West Jersey to the Quakers In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold his proprietorship to some Quakers. Carteret agrees to divide the territory so that those who bought Berkeleys proprietorship were given West Jersey while his heirs were given East Jersey. In West Jersey, a significant development was when the Quakers made it so that almost all adult males were able to vote.   In 1682, East Jersey was purchased by William Penn and a group of his associates and added with Delaware for administrative purposes. This meant that most of the land between the Maryland and New York colonies were administered by Quakers.   In 1702, East and West Jersey which were joined by the crown into one colony with an elected assembly.   New Jersey During the American Revolution   A number of major battles occurred within the New Jersey territory during the American Revolution. These battles included the Battle of Princeton, the Battle of Trenton, and the Battle of Monmouth.   Significant Events New Jersey is divided into East and West Jersey in 1674. It is reunited in 1702 when it becomes a royal colonyNew Jersey was the third state to ratify the ConstitutionNew Jersey was the first to ratify the Bill of Rights

The Role of Public Affairs in U.S. Military Operations Essay

The Role of Public Affairs in U.S. Military Operations - Essay Example The media has also improved the accuracy of reporting and allowed the audience to know their perspective. The benefit is especially important when there is an express need for the military to rapidly influence public opinion such as at the outset of a military action so as to mobilize immediate public support. The relationship with the media was strained during the Vietnam War but later the Department of Defense improved this relationship, which gave rise to the ‘embedded media process’. This had a positive effect on public opinion. In reality, conducting Public Affairs is a complicated task. It is a skill of the PAO to handle any kind of sensitive information and deal effectively with those who are informing and those are to be informed. The office of PA is very important in the age of real time news, and the public media has a very powerful influence and immediate effect such that army conduct can very easily have strategic consequences. This research paper begins with a brief description of the office of Public Affairs and the role of the Public Affairs Officer, and then surveys the important role of Public Affairs in US military operations focusing on how public media has had a positive influence on the US Army. However, some problems and deficiencies are also highlighted. Finally, a case study focuses on the PA and media experience in the war against Iraq. The offices of Public Affairs are important branches of the US Department of Defense that deal with the public media as well as playing a community role. They comprise of not only military officers and enlisted personnel but also civilians. The role of the main Public Affairs Officer (PAO) is to develop â€Å"a working relationship with reporters and other media representatives, maintaining a robust community relations program, keeping contact with other government agencies, and keeping†¦[its own internal members and the general public] informed on issues that may affect them† (Wikipedia,

Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Enzyme Kinetics - Lab Report Example The results were tabulated, statistically treated and interpreted to reveal that enzymatic activities are affected by changes in temperature, such that as the temperature of the environment where the chemical reaction takes place increase, the chances of the rate of molecular collision increases causing a consistent increase in the production of glucose. The same concept holds true to ph, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration. Nevertheless, the rate of molecular reaction facilitated by enzymes ceases when enzymes as protein molecules are denatured because of extremes in these factors. But, a supplementary enzyme from an artificially concocted tablet like Lactaid when taken is capable of augmenting enzyme concentration in case the need arises. Plants, animals, and microorganisms body growth and development are products of kinetics in metabolic pathways (Mader, 2001). The kinetics or the speeding-up, or the slowing down of chemical reactions in these metabolic pathways is caused by enzymes (Miller and Levine 2003). Enzymes are commonly known as protein molecules that are preoccupied with control of chemical reactions in the metabolic pathway. ... Since enzymes are included in the process of metabolism, it is said that it also is responsible in producing all the chemicals in living organisms.Additionally, it is also considered as important factor for the fast process of metabolism. But in every process there are different factors that enzymes are conditioned. These determinants greatly contributed for the dynamic process of a living organism's metabolism.There were different laboratory studies conducted which determined that the speeding-up and slowing-down of metabolism are affected by its surroundings changes in temperature, intense shift in pH (high or low), which in turn affects the efficiency of enzymes. Another one is the substrate concentration, wherein this indicates the reaction of enzymes in a given condition, and lastly, the enzyme concentration which indicates the amount of enzymes in the substrates in a chemical reaction. This laboratory study revealed the important role of enzymes to sustain life. It indicated the progress of ones' metabolism with the proper condition of enzymes. There are thousands of enzymes that are known and each of it has their particular work. In every living organism, the metabolism process if very different from one of each other. This will determine the metabolic enzymes that should be evident in for example, digestion. There are thousands of enzymes that are evident and are important in every living organism. One of this is the enzyme lactase. Lactase enzyme is needed for proper digestion of lactose that is evident in dairy products. This typical enzyme is familiarly known to determine the cause and effect of improper digestion in living organisms. As observed, majority of human adults are victims

Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall Research Paper

Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall - Research Paper Example Thurgood Marshall was a strong supporter of Martin Luther King and his efforts to liberate the black community from suppression. He has supported the anti-colonial struggles in Asia and Africa. In fact he has travelled the African countries in order to extend his support to the anti-colonial movements. At the same time he supported America’s involvement in the military conflicts with North Korea and Vietnam. Even though many of the Americans opposed the Vietnam War, Marshall was a strong supporter of Vietnam War as the Solicitor General and as a Supreme Court Justice. Many people believe that Marshall supported Vietnam War in order to avoid a possible clash between American judiciary and Executive or Legislative branches. Moreover, he was a strong opponent of communism which was another reason for the his support to Vietnam War. â€Å"Justice Marshall was an unyielding opponent of capital punishment, and voted to overturn every death sentence that came before the Court. He proved as strong a champion of freedom of expression as he had been for civil rights† (The Legacy of Thurgood Marshall, p11). Marshall’s effort to stop capital punishment has not been succeeded. Even then he has expressed his strong protest against capital punishment many times. In his opinion, human has no authority to take the life of a person even though it is necessary to punish the criminals. In his opinion, only the creator has the sole right over the life of his creations. At the same time he was a strong advocate of freedom of expression and civil rights. It was Marshall’s belief that government and society must permit each individual to achieve the limits of his or her intellectual and creative ability; to eliminate artificial barriers of bias, prejudice, arbitrary authority or paternalism and to the proposition that the ordinary person, whatever his or her color or sex, needs the protection of law (Shah) He has witnessed many incidents in American society itself with

Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managers - Essay Example The role of each of the four management functions in the daily managerial work is discussed below. Planning is necessarily management’s foundational function which â€Å"provides the design of a desired future state and the means of bringing about that future state to accomplish the organization's objectives† (Wijesinghe, 2011). Plans have to be made on a daily basis as new challenges emerge. Once the decision has been made, the manger assesses the required resources, and recruits the missing ones accordingly. Recruitment allows a manager to evaluate the skills of candidates through formal hiring procedures like interview or test in order to bring new employees on board so that the workforce is equipped with the competences that are demanded by the task at hand. It is recommendable to have a pre-planning session as it can prove a wonderful time saver (Rowland, 2001, p. 4). Senior management can complete a SWOT analysis before the commencement of planning process. The fu nction of organizing requires a manager to allocate appropriate resources to the tasks for their accomplishment. This is commonly achieved with the help of organizational charts that clearly depict the levels of authority and the accorded areas of responsibility. Day-to-day operations are governed by rightly marked lines of communication between the various organizational personnel.

The meaning and influence to Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The meaning and influence to Amazon - Essay Example The meaning of leadership at Amazon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 4.1 Strengths of leadership styles at Amazon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 4.2 Weakness of leadership styles at Amazon †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 5. Reflection of leadership and its strategies at Amazon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 6. Organizational leadership and the effectiveness of the organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 7. Leadership style of Amazon company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......12 8. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......14 9. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 1. Executive summary Organizational success depends on effective leadership styles such as autocratic, lazier faire and democratic leadership, transformational leadership is the most effective in attaining organizational shared objectives. Leadership refers to the act of articulating a shared vision and influencing the efforts of the followers towards attainment of shared organizational goals. Leadership structures at Amazon Company can be identified by two specific concepts personal and the organizational. With respect to the two factors above, Amazon Company mainly concentrates on long-term benefits of the firm. Besides, the orga nizational leaders’ acts on behalf of the entire company not only within their areas of interests but are also expected to extend the assistance across the branches without limiting their operations around their roles. Amazon has skilled leaders who focus on achieving the long-term benefits despite the pressure from competitors like wall mart and other rival firms. Amazon, an online seller is very much pessimistic to the roles played by its leaders and this has led the organization to embrace the Kotters framework of confidentiality in management. The CEO Mr. Bezos had set the in initial leeway that organizational success is unsustainable without ethical code of conduct. Moreover, he articulated that leadership factor indicates a direct strategy to the success at Amazon Company due to leadership style that is very much particular to a significant effect on performance on both the employees and the organizational productivity. The type of leadership that is practiced at Amazon is termed as participative or democratic. Through this leadership style, all members of the organization are recognized as partisans to the decision making process, this helps in determining what is perceived to be right concerning the organizational development. 2. Introduction All forms of organizations recognize leadership as a vital aspect for their success. With respect to this, leadership therefore acts as a crucial link that instigates change amongst the members of the organization. Several articles have pointed out that leadership influences the efforts of followers in the organization by acting as an element that binds all the stakeholders towards the specific goals and objectives of the organization. Even though leadership styles may vary, all organizational leaders must poses some specific characteristics that aims in changing the entire organization with the main perspective of ensuring sustainable output development. For somebody to be branded as a good leader then, he must poses distinct roles that that can be used as

Primary source analyze Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Primary source analyze - Article Example Therefore, free trade is tied to the Europe’s colonies fate. The author argues that the special trade of the mother nations tends to reduce or at least putting down below what these nations would then rise to both the industry and enjoyments of all the countries generally, particularly the American colonies. He continues to argue that by rendering the colony produce preciously in other nations, it diminishes its consumption and henceforth cramps the industry of all the other nations that both enjoy less when they emolument a lot for what they are enjoying, and producing less when they get less for the things they are producing. The people targeted by this source are historians mostly who want ton know how the British ruled America1. It is viewed that the surplus produce of America, however, which is the main source of all that increase of industry and enjoyments that Europe got from the colonization and discovery of America. The source is rendered much less sufficient by the select trade of mother countries. This primary source is a book written by He Ao (Ho Ao) in 1520. The author was a bureaucrat who referred to the Europeans as the Feringis. The event of this source took place in the fifteenth century when the Europeans invaded China. He portrayed that they were not trust worthy individuals; they were unruly and were a threat to the security of a nation. The sentiments stated by He Ao were mutual among to officials in following centuries, even when China prospered in the commercial exchanges of a gradually connected universe2. The author argues that the Feringis were the most crafty and cruel. Their arms were the most superior than that of other foreign individuals. This source was created during the colonial periods. It is seen that the Europeans came to Canton where some of them stayed in the post station while others had bad behavior and had intercourse with the local people. The source also states that if the Chinese people

The meaning and influence to Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The meaning and influence to Amazon - Essay Example The meaning of leadership at Amazon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 4.1 Strengths of leadership styles at Amazon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 4.2 Weakness of leadership styles at Amazon †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 5. Reflection of leadership and its strategies at Amazon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 6. Organizational leadership and the effectiveness of the organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 7. Leadership style of Amazon company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......12 8. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......14 9. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 1. Executive summary Organizational success depends on effective leadership styles such as autocratic, lazier faire and democratic leadership, transformational leadership is the most effective in attaining organizational shared objectives. Leadership refers to the act of articulating a shared vision and influencing the efforts of the followers towards attainment of shared organizational goals. Leadership structures at Amazon Company can be identified by two specific concepts personal and the organizational. With respect to the two factors above, Amazon Company mainly concentrates on long-term benefits of the firm. Besides, the orga nizational leaders’ acts on behalf of the entire company not only within their areas of interests but are also expected to extend the assistance across the branches without limiting their operations around their roles. Amazon has skilled leaders who focus on achieving the long-term benefits despite the pressure from competitors like wall mart and other rival firms. Amazon, an online seller is very much pessimistic to the roles played by its leaders and this has led the organization to embrace the Kotters framework of confidentiality in management. The CEO Mr. Bezos had set the in initial leeway that organizational success is unsustainable without ethical code of conduct. Moreover, he articulated that leadership factor indicates a direct strategy to the success at Amazon Company due to leadership style that is very much particular to a significant effect on performance on both the employees and the organizational productivity. The type of leadership that is practiced at Amazon is termed as participative or democratic. Through this leadership style, all members of the organization are recognized as partisans to the decision making process, this helps in determining what is perceived to be right concerning the organizational development. 2. Introduction All forms of organizations recognize leadership as a vital aspect for their success. With respect to this, leadership therefore acts as a crucial link that instigates change amongst the members of the organization. Several articles have pointed out that leadership influences the efforts of followers in the organization by acting as an element that binds all the stakeholders towards the specific goals and objectives of the organization. Even though leadership styles may vary, all organizational leaders must poses some specific characteristics that aims in changing the entire organization with the main perspective of ensuring sustainable output development. For somebody to be branded as a good leader then, he must poses distinct roles that that can be used as

Experience at clinical hospital Neurological ward Essay Example for Free

Experience at clinical hospital Neurological ward Essay I was a specialist at a children’s clinical hospital ward. Royal Glamorgan Hospital in Llantrisant. This hospital offers services to children such as inpatient neurology, neurosurgeon, radiology, neuropathology and paediatrics neurology with the children department. This work as it sounds is highly specialized and can only be achieved in a center with high and excellent academicians and research done regularly. Some work such as Neuro-radiology is highly specialized and is only provided in a few centers in the U.  K. Which dictates regular increase knowledge by consulting references, identifying learning resources within the center and making use of them. I was a neurologist which means I attended to Brain and Nervous system diseases. Due to the fact that they are few centers taking care of Neurologist. Difficult cases are referred to our clinics. For instance stroke, brain saving treatments are available if the patients are seen, scanned and diagnosed on time in specialist centers. As a neurologists, I was interested in dealing directly with emergency care but hospital senate was usually interested on how many patients are attended which leaves the emergency care to non-specialists. On this particular week I was on duty or what this center called a call. That means for 24 hours a day and 7 days am available for emergency referrals. On Monday that week a very young child was aged 9 years had a brain biopsy, he was on the intensive care unit. I was not sure what is wrong which was a difficult time for me and his family. I requested for a brain test, which helped me diagnose the problem. I had an interest on multiple sclerosis. Children will have an attack once an year, eventually there was no treatment but now we had it only that it is too expensive, money had run out for the treatment, how cumbersome!. In the afternoon, I had a general neurology clinic at the hospital. I was also following on the patient who were fourteen in number those that I had been treating but seventeen have booked in. This was so frustrating because I would not give my patients attention as desired. In the evening I would return to the ward to see a patient I have not been there so files had really piled up. At night I received a call concerning a patient who have fever and there are no doctors so I went back. Tuesday I was on call for emergencies but routine work went on, Traffic was very built up so I had to leave early to get there by 8. 00 am. and its 10 miles. Tuesday afternoon a child with a bad headache was admitted, I was worried she had a clot in her head. Radiologist said the brain scan could stay until morning but I objected and supported an immediate brain scan. Wednesday I began by paper work then proceeded to give attention to my patients in the ward. In the afternoon there was multidisciplinary Neuro inflammatory clinic at 2pm. As the hospital had 15 beds, I could not pay attention to all these patients so I gave advice to those who were in General medicine. I was called to see a patient with a weak leg he had a scan which ruled out an operation but we dint know why the leg was weak I recommended some more scans. Thursday We get to the office and do paperwork, I saw some of the patients, had a long talk with a couple whose child had a massive brain cycles. Friday I had a clinic in the morning. I tried to be as responsible as possible to all our patients. We were attending to three patients each week to assess new symptoms to see if the patients will need a treatment. We also collected disability date with use of questionnaires which we then did a careful neurological examination. I got a call from the bone marrow transplant unit to see a child who had been in a coma for 24 hours. The question was whether he was epileptic. However he was given a sedative treatment for that day. We arranged an emergent brain test and it looked like the coma was from infection or metabolic problems given that his liver was not functioning well or maybe he was reacting from yesterday’s drug. While working at the hospital, the pharmacist working in the department,gave medication to a patient who I had been treating, but the patient died. The family was convinced that the medication was the main reason as to why the child died. The family went ahead and sued him and the regarded it as a second degree manslaughter. He chose me as his attorney as I was the one in charge of neurological childrens ward which I reluctantly accepted. I found myself so confused, I was not sure I wanted to do this but due to the fact that I was in charge neurological ward for children I had to. To be the attorney defending the pharmacist. I was not sure which way to go I was caught up in a moral dilemma. I felt that the pharmacist would have been more careful in serving the customers in accordance to the domains of conduct and competence. On the other hand, I felt that I should be with him in that trying time. It was also a difficult time for me. It was a real test for my ethical standards. This is because I felt so carried away by the family’s reaction which I felt were justified. The second degree manslaughter, is a difficult case an attorney can take. Defending a person against murder charges whether attempted murder or manslaughter requires every possible weapon even if the prosecution is weak. This involuntary manslaughter usually carries four years. The Pharmacist was so worried and nervous feared for the worst since the prosecution seemed very strong. When he stood in the docket to testify, there was nothing he said that seemed to satisfy the judge, which placed us in a worse situation than we were already in. This was the first time I was being an attorney in any ones case so that particular morning I was so confused. I tried to relax and get all the facts right concerning the case. When my time came to stand in the docket I was very composed. So I gave my testimony as the neurosurgeon who was in charge that week. I argued that they were many conditions that surrounded the death of the boy. The death was not necessarily caused by the medication the patient was in bad shape which may have mainly contributed to his death. At this juncture it looked like am convincing the judge who then asked me to give a document backing my testimony which I handed over to him. The patient who was a ten year body had suffered from stroke which was very serious. The pharmacist seemed to relax a little bit when the judge finally started to nod his head in agreement. I concluded my testimony by stating that the death of the patient was surrounded by many instances which was hard to draw any conclusion. The prosecutors were given a chance to give their evidence, they argued that the boy was fine until he took the medication. We were told to came back in the afternoon to hear the judges verdict. We came back at two in the afternoon. There was anxiety and tension in the court room as we awaited the judge verdict. The Judge threw out the prosecution as murder charge which he said the evidence was inadequate to support such a conviction of murder. The prosecutor could not take that and vowed to appeal, calling the judge decision as â€Å"ultra vires†. The lead prosecutor complained to the judge accusing him of committing the offense of negligence. We were very excited and drove to the hospital feeling very achieved. This two experiences gave me more confidence to face future challenges, it was very hard in the beginning. With time I was able to learn so much, the reason I included the week when I was in duty is because it gave me the most experience it was a week of career growth without depending on the more experienced specialists. This week also, I was able to measure my performance and how I could improve. In addition, I discovered my weakness which I hope to overcome as I advance in my career. I also noticed the importance of giving high quality services to my patient as it gives satisfaction and happiness to know that you did you did your best. When I needed to top up my knowledge I consulted other more experienced specialists or visited the hospitals library. which had enough resources. This helped me improve on my knowledge, which I hope to widen further as a advance in my career.

Traffic problems in city centres

Traffic problems in city centres Traffic problem has become a major problem in the word,it is obvious from the upsurge of private car use on the roads and the amount of problem they cause.Banning private cars in inner city is a blessing or a curse has sparked spirited debate. Admittedly, one might have benefited a lot from ones improved ability to move rapidly from one place to another space.Compared to other model, cars provide carring captivity and privacy,50% of commuters travel to work by car in London(Newman,1996).According to a survey,97,000 cars enter to central area between 7:30 am and 10:00 am.This may explain based on Figure3.3,it emphasize the fact that people spend money on cars reduced(exclude added costs) when travel the same trip,with 6% decreased from 1997 to 2004.However,the price of bus ticket and rail ticket has increased 10% and 4% respectively during the seven years.This may explain why more and more private cars are used. However, the massive cars enter to inner city cause some serious problems.The most significant problem is traffic congestion and this is evident in every morning and evening in rush hours(Figure3.1).Moving on a congestion road, speeds of traffic reduced to 6-10 km/h(Newman,1996).As figure3.1 indicates,moving on a congestion road,travel time increased more than 4 minute when drivers travel 1 kilometre.Moreover, sluggish traffic flow leads to high fuel and maintenance costs(Schuitema,G 2007).For instance,the cost of congestion in London is at least â‚ ¬3.5 bn per annum(Bailly). In addition,the growth in car use decreases the quality of life in urban areas due to exhaust gas and irritating noise,causing actual harm to people health.The WHO reports that in European more than 30% urban dwellers has been disturbed by irritating noise,and 5-15% of all citizens suffer noise disturbance(Bailly).The massive cars enter to central area takes the menace to the bicycle riders and pedestrians.The total number of deaths in Europe per year due to traffic accidents reached 45,000.Inadequate of parking car is another recognize consequence of the upsurge of private car enter to central area that result in many gardens and grasslands give way to construct traffic facilities like highway,avenues(Bailly). Because of these negative effect some people argued that private car should be banned to enter to inner city.However,if banning car enter to inner city will cause another problems.For instance,in Tokyo,the commute rail system has a over-loaded of 300%of capacity in rush hours so that public transportation fail to cope with the increasing transportation demand(Schuitema,G 2007).So,banning private cars in inner city could reduce the number of transport,it is most unlikely to be an acceptable solution. Statistic from the London Congestion charge Report are illustrated in Figure 3.1 which shows the problem of traffic delays has improved since implement charging during rush hours in the March of 2003. Figure3.1 shows the travel time saved about 1 minute compared with charging before.However, the development of national economy and the improvement of living standard,people afford to extra fee ,the problem picked up again in 2006.From then onward it fluctuated ,and the general trend was upwards.Therefore,an approach to control the number of private car use is focusing on the sales of the private cars(figure 3)and imposing of road tolls during rush hours which, as figure3.2 indicates,has reduced from 2002 to 2006 the number of cars entering to central area fell dramatically,with a 36% reduction,and vans ,lorries and other charging vehicle decreased by 13% respectively.In contract ,for no-charging vehicle rose sharply,such as the number of bus and coaches increased by 25%.Not only avoid common use of private car entering to center area but solve the under-use and serious wastage of the public transport in peak hours. To sum up,private cars indeed bring lots of benefit for urban residents,banning private cars in inner city will cause another problem.So government need make some methods control the number of cars,such as to impose charges,to establish bus lane and to subsidy the public transport fares(Newman,P1996) and people should reduce unnecessary daily commuting by car.

The Great Gatsby - The American Dream :: essays research papers

The American dream. Everyone has different opinions on what the American dream is. Their 'ultimate goal'; in life. The people in The Great Gatsby think they are living that dream, but I beg to differ. The only one who I believe is living out something close to the American dream is Tom, and I will prove so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The many different characters in this book act as if they're having the time of their life and so forth. That is so only on the outside. If you look carefully at the person inside, you can see that they aren't so happy-go-lucky as they seem. A good example would be Daisy. Sure, she's pretty and so forth. However, her flaw is that she is attracted to money. No love has to be involved in the relationship as long as her beau can provide the dough. You can see this from the fact that she was married to Tom for about 5 years and never once did she think about leaving him. This was all for the simple fact that he had all the superficial qualities that anyone can have. He's rich, he's big and hulking, and he's very offensive. Therefore, although she did not love Tom, she knew he would provide for her with both money and protection. That is why she did not live the American dream. The American dream is all about happiness. I believe that if you are happy with what has hap pened with you in life, then you have lived the American dream. Sure Daisy seems happy, but inside she went through 5 years of hell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My second example is Gatsby. There could not be a better example of someone who has lived a life that is a total opposite to American dream. How did he become rich? He was a bootlegger. He got his money illegally. What did he concentrate on for the past 5 years? He arranged parties and gatherings to try to get close to the only thing that gave him a meaning to live: Daisy. Was he ever happy during that time? I highly doubt it. He had fun, bootlegging and making money and getting together with lots of so called 'friends.'; All just to get close to Daisy. Did he even succeed in winning her? No, and that's the point. He was unsatisfied with life and in the end, someone had killed him.

Essay examples --

The ancient islamic culture has made immense contributions to the whole world and all of its inhabitants.These contributions which are also achievements of the Muslim empire pertain to things such as advancements in science, Mathematics, astronomy, exquisite libraries,medicine, sophisticated encyclopedias, optics, and an extensive trade routes that stretched for thousands of miles. Luckily for the World the Muslims as a whole managed to achieve one thing after another, and didn't let anything get in there way, and ultimately this lead to the vast amount of contributions that the Muslims Bestowed upon to the world. Thanks to the Muslim culture, and achievements their ways have had a very profound impact on the way people go about their lives nowadays. If it wasn't for the Muslims hard work, will to succeed, and perseverance which led to contributions to the world, life as we know it now would be drastically rearranged, and many of the things that we classify as norms would cease to exist. In the area of math,and science the Muslims made many influential contributions to world. In Science, and in math the Muslims pursued in the topic of astronomy. The Muslims really pursued in this topic because for them the calculations for prayer times, pin point religious festivals, and the direction of Mecca were paramount, and in the area of astronomy all this can be efficiently be achieved. So the Muslims had the drive to succeed in order to archive what was nessessary. The most influential, and beneficial, of the Muslim astronomers were men by the name of "Al-Khwarizmi" "al-Khujandi", and "Omar Khayyam". With their hard work and ambitious dreams, these men became the driving force of the great astronomical research. Al-Khwarizmi, a... ...1th century. He compiled many astronomical tables, and more importantly reformed the calendar. His reformation was more accurate than the Julian calendaR and came close to the Gregorian. probably his most amazing feat was his calculation of the year which came out to be a near exact 365.24219858156 days long, which is accurate to the 6th decimal place! Omar Khayyam greatly effected the world with his doings, his year calculation to this day is exact, along with his upgrade of the calendar set the standards of calendar and provided a accurate dates throughout the year. contributions in astronomy range from the Arabic names of stars which we still use today to knowing the position of the planets.Such great ideas like these were those that set the foundations of the great Islamic empire that ultimately in the end were passed on to the world, and proved to be beneficial.

Carnival Cruise Lines

Carnival Cruise Lines is a British-American owned cruise line based in the Doral suburb of Miami, Florida (Carnival Cruise Lines, n. d. ). The company offers vacations that appeal to a wide range of lifestyles and budgets. Carnival was founded in 1972 as an independent company by Ted Arison. The cruise line company became known as the world’s most popular cruise line and in 1987 it made an initial public offering of 20 percent of its common stock. The public offering provided the company with an influx of capital that allowed the company to begin expanding through acquisitions.The company formed Carnival Corporation & plc in 1994 and Carnival Cruise Lines became its flagship brand (Mission & History, 2010). Carnival Corporation has acquired representation in virtually every market segment of the cruise industry. In April 2003, agreements were finalized to combine Carnival Corporation with P&O Princess Cruises plc, creating the world’s first global cruise operator. Carni val Corporation & plc encompass 12 highly recognizable brands and the company became one of the largest and most profitable leisure travel companies in the world.The company is now one of the 11 individual worldwide cruise ship brands owned and operated by Carnival Corporation & plc. The corporation operates 97 ships and Carnival Cruise Lines is its largest and leading brand in North America, based on passengers carried under the Carnival Corporation. Carnival is also the corporation’s most profitable cruise line in the world. The cruise line has 22 ships in operation and two future ships in development. Carnival has 3,800 shore side and 33,500 shipboard employees. *Carnival pioneered the concept of shorter, less expensive cruises.Howard Frank, the chief operating officer of Carnival Cruise Lines, says their ships are called the fun ships because unlike its competitors, Royal Caribbean International and Norwegian Cruise Line, Carnival offers a wide range of activities on boar d instead of just delicious cuisine (Beesley, 2010). Frank said their innovative new ships feature popular amenities that meet the increasingly sophisticated desires of all guests yet provide a fun and exciting environment for all ages. Carnival hit record-breaking business so far this year.The bookings for the company were the highest they have ever been because of its new booking system. The earlier in advance a passenger’s cruise is booked the more economical the price. A cruise can cost as low as $175-$200 per person in advance. The cruise line also offers last minute bookings at discount prices. Carnival can be cheaper than airfare without the fear of terrorist attacks, excessive baggage fees, delays and extreme boarding procedures or hassles. In 2009, the corporation revenued $13. 2 billion with a net income of $1. billion, and are projected to make their highest profit ever this year. The company carries a record of 3. 9 million passengers and the up-to-date record is the most in the cruise industry. *Executive control of Carnival Cruise Lines is provided by the North American division of Carnival Corporation in Doral, Florida. Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc, the cruise line, function as a single economic entity. They also function through contractual agreements between separate legal entities (Investor Relations, 2010). Carnival Corporation common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange.Carnival plc is traded on the London Stock Exchange and has an ADS on the New York Stock Exchange. Carnival is the only company in the world to be included in both the STP 500 index in the US and the FTSE 100 index in the UK. Carnival Cruise Lines has a hybrid structure divided under Carnival North America, Carnival Australia and Carnival UK. The hybrid structure is under Carnival Cruise Lines which is only one of the brands under Carnival Corporation & plc. The corporation doesn’t have a long hierarchy of authority instead it has a few layer s of corporate officers and board of directors (Officers, 2010).There are six corporate officers that consist of executive, operating and financial officers, as well as vice presidents of shared services for the multiple brands, general counsel and controller for the corporation. The cruise line only has one executive officer. Gerald R. Cahill is Carnival Cruise Lines’ only president and chief executive officer except for the executives over the Australia and UK divisions. Majority of the company’s employees are shipboard. There is a one-to-three ratio of staff to passenger on every carnival ship, ensuring excellent customer service.Carnival has a horizontal communication amongst the six corporate officers and board of directors. Corporate governance extends from the ship, through the operating lines and senior corporate management to the board of directors. *Carnival is a profitable company and is now the leader in the contemporary cruise sector. The line has launched a $250 million enhancement program on its eight fantasy-class ships. The enhancement will include installation of a water park on board, an adult-only retreat, tropical-themed mid-ship pool area, and other innovative features.Carnival’s former image was a party ship reputation for younger travelers. The cruise line is now known as large, modern and extremely elegant, yet still a profitable and fun line. Historically, Carnival Corporation’s growth has been driven by the expansion of their portfolio of core brands through an aggressive ship building program. Now the brand, Carnival Cruise Lines, competes globally because they invest time, money and effort into product development and wide varieties of amenities on board. The company enhances the excursions offered in port destinations, as well as programs, activities and attractions on the ship.Carnival children programs provide the same level of variety, fun and attraction for their age, as the amenities available to a dults. No matter the age, lifestyle or budget the goal is consistent. The cruise line’s goal is to provide everyone with a safe and healthy place to live, work and have fun. Carnival strives to provide an innovative and exceptional vacation experience on land and or at sea (Phillips, 2009). *Last week I sailed on a Carnival Cruise Lines ship to Nassau, Bahamas for a four days and three nights weekend cruise.The Cruise was inexpensive to book for a typical vacation. We were a party of four people and we each only paid around $200 a person in advance. If we would have booked the vacation at the last minute it could have cost each person $300-$400, which is still inexpensive for an all-inclusive cruise. At first you don’t understand how the cruise line makes a profit because almost everything is free except alcohol, soda and excursions. Unlimited food all day and night, shows, the gym, and activities are free. It didn’t take long to realize the company’s str ategy on making money.Once Carnival booked the customer at a low price, they up sell the customer with backend products and services that passengers feel are definitely worth spending money on during a vacation. There were additional products and services like an onboard casino, excursions, internet services, and photographers everywhere ready to take memorable pictures to sell. As well as, massages facials, hair treatment, wholesale liquor prices and onboard shops and stores. Carnival provided relaxing services and duty or tax free products.The cruise made lots of money and the marketing cost went down because their exceptional services built loyal customers. The company probably spends more money capturing a customer, maybe even lost money initially on the booking transaction because of the specials and low rates but created lifetime customers in the end. The more products and services a company can offer or sell to a customer, the more valuable they become and the more you can sp end on acquiring a customer. Wants you acquire a customer and satisfy their needs, you can gain more from a buying impulse that is pleased and devoted to the company and its brands.

Social Science Study Guide

Study Guide: Intro to Social Sciences Anthropology: * How culture contributes to the make-up of humanity * Science of people (origin, classification, distribution, races, physical character, culture) * Emphasis on cultural relativity, in-depth examination of context and cross-cultural comparisons * Anthropologists: Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead * Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research * Fields: Biological/physical anthropology, Sociocultural anthropology, archaeology, anthropological linguistics Sociology: Studies the actions of members within a specific society * How people organize themselves in groups, institutions and associations * Fields: Demography, criminology, gender studies, social stratification * Sociologists: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, George H. Mead * Both quantitative and qualitative research methods Psychology: * Science of mental processes of a group/individual * Used in counselling to business * Fields: Developmental psychology, abnorm al psychology, clinical psychology, social psychology, organization psychology, cognitive psychology, personality, neuroscience. Psychologists: Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, John B Watson Sociology * One area of society affects another directly or indirectly * Ideology of society influences marriage, economics, love, freedom, politics * Sociologists seek to make sense of the beliefs and values of the personalities interacting within the complex society that is continually being recreated. KARL MARX (1818-1883) * Study society using a scientific method to try to predict social outcomes (Marxist theory) * Production is essential for the advancement of society A few individuals will control the majority of the resources and production * Conflict in his theory: division of social class one person’s status is elevated while other workers are forced to make money. * Labour Theory of Value: human productive power will be exploited in order to maximize pr ofits for the bourgeois. * Proletariat produces goods valued at more than they are being paid rich getting richer. * Money is the driving force in our society * Businesses are exploiters, cannot see positive nature of the bourgeois TALCOTT PARSONS (Structural Functionalism) * As much as things change they stay the same Believed society will create structures within itself that will help with its basic functioning requirements * Our society will work to achieve a homeostasis where equilibrium is achieved * Every aspect of society contributes to the successful function of another aspect. (Relies on each other) * When a system breaks down, it is necessary for other components in society to take over or assist the malfunctioning social structure. * Ex: Legal system * Structural functionalism: Does NOT look at social change; deals with the maintenance of a society (seeks normality, equilibrium).GEORGE H. MEAD (Symbolic Interactionism) * Symbolic interactionism: Focuses on how humans inte rpret (define) each other’s actions. Their response is based on the meaning which they attach to such actions (not the actions directly). * Individuals learn and react from interactions within a society. * People influence their surroundings and shape the development of a society. * Society shapes the individual as he/she is shaping the society. * Analyses from the â€Å"standpoint of communication as essential to the social order†, not individual psychology. FEMINISM Liberal Feminists: Examine social institutions, equal access to increase women’s influence on society. * Radical Feminists: Focus on the exploitation of women. Seek to change the patriarchal social structure through complete structural changes. * Marxist Feminists: Focus on women’s labour being underpaid. * Social Feminists: Focus on the overthrow of the capitalism; believe it is the root problem of inequality of sexes. Fields Demography * Demography is the scientific study of human populati ons-their size, composition and distribution across an area. * Fertility, mortality, and migration.These three processes influence how people inhabit the earth, form nations and societies, and how they develop culture. Criminology * Criminology is the study of the criminal justice system and the law enforcement from a social and individual perspective. * Focuses on the behaviour which may have caused the criminal to violate a law, and seeks its influences, whether it is psychological, social or cultural. Gender Studies * Gender studies seeks to analyse gender identity and gendered representation in the fields of psychology, political science, sociology, media studies, human development etc. Gender studies investigates the physical and biological gender differences between sexes, nationality etc. Psychology * Study of human behaviour. * Examines actions, responses, how someone reacts under specific conditions, how this individual affects society. SIGMUND FREUD * Creator of psychoanal ysis * Human behaviour is driven by desires and the suppression of these desires. * Mind has three areas: Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious * Personality is motived by drives= Id (part of the unconscious mind) * Superego= socially conscious of all decisions Ego= mediator between Id and Superego * Too much Id= not worry about social responsibilities; engage in dangers, breaking social rules. * Too much Superego= too uptight, too worried about social expectations and rules * Freud view human development as progressing through stages of development where the main conflict deals with an erogenous zone of the body. * Human development is understood in terms of changing focuses of sexual desire. B. F SKINNER (Operant Conditioning) * Interested in outward behaviour; believed that our personality develops because of external events. He used a rat experiment to show the idea of positive reinforcement; praise for good behaviour has the highest chance for producing long-term behaviour chang e. * Humans develop their behaviours due to a set of rewards that promote activities being repeated and reinforced. * Skinner believes that Operant Conditioning is good tool to promote an individual to make changes in their behaviour. IVAN PAVLOV (Classical Conditioning) * He wanted to see how the mind could be conditioned to make the body respond to the possibility of an event occurring. * Ex: Salivation reaction of a dog to a meat powder ERIK ERIKSON (development stages table) Believed that at a certain stage of someone’s life there are tasks (milestones) to achieve in order to have a healthy development. * Unlike Freud, he believed that a person can pass through a stage and not get â€Å"stuck† at a certain level of psychological development. Fields Developmental psychology: Developmental psychology is the science of studying developmental growth in humans over the course of their life span-from conception until death. Neuroscience: Neuroscience psychology is an int erdisciplinary field which applies the knowledge and study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and networks of sensory nerve cells.Abnormal psychology (deviance): Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies deviant (unusual) behaviour, emotion and thought. Personality psychology: Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that strives to determine how different personality traits and tendencies influence our thoughts, behaviour and actions and makes each human unique. Clinical psychology: Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology which applies scientific, theoretic and clinical knowledge in order to assess, prevent, predict and to treat abnormal behaviour, ysfunction or mental disorders in order to improve the individual’s well-being and personal growth. Social psychology: Social psychology is the study of individuals’ thoughts, feelings and behaviour and how they perceive and influence others. Organizational psychology: O rganizational psychology is the scientific study of employees, workplaces and businesses. Cognitive psychology: Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology which studies the mental processes including how people learn, remember, think, perceive and solve problems. Anthropology * Science of studying people and their culture. Anthropologists pose important questions concerning the continuation of poverty, racism, violence, and social inequality around the world. FUNCTIONALISM (Margaret Mead) * Understanding how social institutions fill social needs. * Every custom or practice in society provides a form of stability for the entire system. * All aspects of a society—institutions, roles, norms, etc. —serve a purpose and that all are indispensable for the long-term survival of the society. * Having established laws, customs, and agreed upon practices provides a sense of predictability and stability within a society. In order to understand a society, researchers must under stand the function of social institutions and their respective contributions to the stability to their society. * A critique of functionalism is that all institutions are considered to provide stability, when this is not the case. * Ex: The presence of family violence produces instability in the culture with a difference in power among the different sexes. STRUCTURALISM * Reinforcement of a norm or a value increases the acceptance of the practice within a given society. * Cultures, viewed as systems, are analyzed in terms of the structural relations among their elements. Structuralists believe that meaning is produced and reproduced within a culture through activities and various practices that show their significance. * For example, North American society values the concept of romantic love and close friendship. This social idea is reinforced through media and national celebrations. Ex Valentine’s Day. * Different societies' institutions reinforce different values. Fields Bi ological/physical anthropology: Biological anthropologists seek to understand how humans have evolved and what affect that has had on our behaviour.Sociocultural anthropology: Sociocultural anthropology examines social patterns and practices by studying and comparing human societies across the world. Archaeology: Archaeology is the study of past people, cultures, and civilizations through the analysis of material remain, ranging from artefacts and evidence of past environments to architecture. Linguistic Anthropology: Linguistics is the study of languages; how they are formed, evolved, and how it has interacted and contributed to a culture.

New Media Convergence and Audience Fragmentation and Programme Content in International Broadcasting

New Media Convergence and Audience Fragmentation and Programme Content in International Broadcasting The new media technologies have been referred to as the communication revolution due to the immense changes they have brought to mass communication and social lifestyles in past decade or so. The expression ‘new media’ has been in use since the 1960s and has had to encompass an expanding and diversifying set of applied communication technologies such the it is somehow impracticable to tell just what the ‘new media’ comprise. As far as the essential features of new media are concerned, however, the main ones seem to be: their interconnectedness; their accessibility to individual users as senders or receivers; their interactivity; their multiplicity of use and open-ended character; and their ubiquity and almost limitless extended located-ness. The new media could be said to have brought a communications revolution because it seems to have brought a revolt against mass communication and all that it used to stand for. The two main driving force of this communications revolution are satellite communication and computer technologies. The key to the immense power of the computer as a communication device lies in the process of digitalization that allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also in a multiplex. New means of transmission by cable, satellite and radio have immensely increased the capacity to transmit. New means of storage and retrieval including the personal video recorder, the mobile phone, CD-ROM, compact disc, DVD, etc, have also expanded the range of possibilities, and even the remote control device has played a part. The many possibilities of ‘media-making’ (camcorders, PCs, printers, cameras, etc, especially in digital form) have changed immensely the practice of journalism whether print or broadcast, such that the amateur or the professional are being bridged. There are also new kinds of ‘quasi-media’ such as computer games and virtual reality devices which seem to be overlapping with the mass media in their culture and in the satisfaction of use. The communications revolution has being of benefit to traditional media and the audience due mainly to the interactivity that has become possible. What is the nature of convergence? Convergence is the coming together of different technologies, the fusion of two or more technologies to form something new and different, something that has attributes of each but is altogether unique. The new technologies and products that result from convergence are greater than the sum of the original parts, and the two most powerful and pervasive technologies – information and media are converging. The result of convergence has been called ‘techno-fusion’. What are the differences between the old and the new? Today the differences between the old and new are difficult to distinguish partly because some media forms are now distributed across different types of transmission channels, reducing the original uniqueness of form and experience in use. Also, the increasing convergence of technology, based on digitalization, can only reinforce this tendency. Thirdly, globalization has reduced the distinctiveness of domestic content and institutions and as such content and practices are becoming global or universal though some are domesticated variants of the global. Nevertheless, there are some clear differences in terms of physical and psychosocial characteristics, in terms of perceived trust and credibility for example. Differences are obvious concerning freedom and control where the new seems to be freer and less controlled especially by government. Secondly, differences are clear concerning what each is good for and the perceived uses by individual audience members. What is New Media? New media rely on digital technologies, allowing for previously separate media to converge. Media convergence is defined as a phenomenon of new media and this can be explained as digital media. The idea of new media captures both the development of unique forms of digital media, and the remaking of more traditional media forms to adopt and adapt to the new media technologies. Convergence captures the development futures of old media and merges it with new media. Blogs, and Podcasts are all part of new media. MySpace and Facebook are part of social media (also known as viral marketing), which is a branch of new media. What is new about the new media? It is pertinent at this point to understand that a medium is not just an applied technology for transmission of certain symbolic content or of linkage among people but that it also embodies a set of social relations that interact with features of the new technology. There are some evidences that mass media have changed from the past two or three decades from the days of one-way, one-directional and undifferentiated flow to an undifferentiated mass audience due to certain features of new technology. What is new is basically due to the fact of digitalization and convergence. Digitalization is the process by which texts can be reduced to binary form and used in production, distribution and storage. Convergence is the digital linkage and symbiosis between media forms in terms of organization, distribution, reception and regulation. Mcquail (2006) has defined convergence as the process of coming together or becoming more alike of media technologies due to digitalization. The new media transcends the limit of traditional print and broadcast in the following ways: ? It enables many-to-many conversations ?It enables the simultaneous reception, alteration and redistribution of cultural products ? It dislocates communicative action beyond national boundaries bringing in the ‘death of the distance’ across the world More succinctly, what is new about the new media may be the combination of interactivity with innovative features such as, the unlimited range of content and content format, the scope of audience reach, and the global nature of communication. Other features include, that the new media are as much private and public communication and that their operation is not typically professional or bureaucratically organized to the same degree as the mass media. Another feature of the new media is that the boundaries between publisher, producer, distributor, consumer and reviewer of content are blurring, leading to a general meltdown of roles that may result in the emergence of separate, more specialized institutional complexes of media skills and activities. So, what is new? ?Digitalization ?Convergence Divergence from mass communication ?Adaptation of media roles ?Interactivity and fragmentation of audience ?Fragmentation of media organization and institution ?Reduced control Categories of new media While new media technological forms continue to multiply and diversify, there are as at now four main categories. ?Interpersonal communication media ?Interactive play media ?Information search media ?Collective participatory media Key ch aracteristics of new media The following are the key characteristics unique to the new media across the four categories. Interactivity ?Sociability ?Media richness ?Audience autonomy ?Entertainment ?User privacy ?User personalization Audience Fragmentation and Programme Content in International Broadcasting Countries and cultures have long been in communication across borders; however, in the 20th century, first radio, then television and the internet accelerated that process dramatically. National leaders are often unnerved when broadcasts or other information comes straight across borders without any chance to stop, control, or mediate it. In the 1930s and 1940s, around World War II and the cold war, radio seemed menacingly effective in propaganda across borders. Radio competitions and clashes, even some miniature cold wars of their own, erupted among a number of countries in the Asia, Middle East, Latin America, Eastern Europe and the West and USA. By contrast, broadcast television seemed comfortingly short range as it took preeminence from the late 1940s on. Satellite television was the next big technological development in international broadcasting. As early as the 1960s controversies started concerning the use of this type of transmission for fear of the propaganda and intrusion into national borders. The debate culminated in a schism between the developed and the developing regions of the world concerning cultural imperialism, media imperialism and the imbalance in news flow across the globe. The global spread of satellite and cable TV channels in the 1990s has seemed to increase the outflow of American and European television programming and films to other countries. The internet has become the latest major t technology to deliver radio, television, music downloads, video downloads, films, news stories, newspapers, and new forms of content, like weblogs, across national and cultural borders. The growth of the internet in the late 1990s and 2000s has also threatened the ability of national governments to control cross-border flow of information and entertainment. The internet continues to bring a great deal of content from the USA and the West into other parts of the world. However, it also much cheaper to produce either information or entertainment for the internet, so many governments, cultures, religion, and ideologies now produce for and distribute over the internet. Governments dominated activity in international radio, despite early developments and precedents from commercial international shortwave broadcasting prior to World War II. However, it seems private actors instead of governments now dominate global television news and entertainment. What are the implications for the audience of the shift from government international radio broadcasting to private international satellite television? What of the further shift on the internet to supplement or replace the dominance of major international radio and international commercial TV? What of the implications of the fact that most radio audiences today tend to be quite localized, given a choice, particularly with the spread of higher fidelity stereo FM broadcasts, which deliver the best available radio sound quality but seldom cover more than a limited urban area? What are the motivations for broadcasting internationally? Four major reasons have been adduced for both state-run and private organizations transmitting directly across borders: to enhance national or organizational prestige; to promote national or organizational interests; to attempt religious, ideological or political indoctrination; and to foster cultural ties. When governments are the primary actors as it is here, the goal is often summed up as public diplomacy. That is the deliberate effort by governments to affect foreign public opinion in a manner that is positive to their goals. Public diplomacy may be defined as the influencing in a positive way the perceptions of individuals and organizations across the world. Another perspective on this sees motivations in terms of: being an instrument of foreign policy, as a mirror of society, as symbolic presence, as a converter and sustainer, as a coercer and intimidator, as an educator, as an entertainer, and as a seller of goods and services. Evidence of the importance that governments attach to international broadcasting can be found in their total commitment to funding and support using diverse models as may be found in BBC, VOA, Radio Moscow, RFI, etc. Similarly, as the internet now permits a greater variety of players to broadcasting, many more have entered to pursue all or some of similar goals. Why audiences listen or view across borders? According to the categories of listening motivations listed by Boyd (1996) as cited by Straubhaar and Boyd (2003), audiences tune in to hear news and information, to be entertained, to learn, to hear religious or political broadcast, to enhance their status, to protest, or to pursue a hobby. Concerning the question of media effects on audience in international broadcasting, the available studies show that the effects of international radio broadcasting are relatively limited. Nevertheless, there are at least some historical cases in which international radio as part of public diplomacy had considerable impact. Radio Free Europe clearly had a role in fomenting the Hungarian uprising of 1956. The USA conducted ‘radio wars’ against Cuba and Nicaragua fomenting refugee flight if nothing else. The use of radio in international broadcasting is changing decisively; however, as most of the services are moving away from transmitting on shortwave radio and moving towards re-broadcasting or re-transmitting on leased local FM facilities and also supplementing these efforts by web casting. Today, international radio broadcasters tend to put their signals out as streaming audio feeds on the internet. International radio is also sometimes sought by those who do not trust the local or national media readily available to then. This and other factors may be affecting the international audience in the direction of fragmentation. Few international broadcasters today have anything resembling a mass audience, instead they have fragments of core listeners of viewers who are attracted by tradition or habit or interests in specific programming such as news, music, documentaries, sports and so on. Audience Fragmentation in International Broadcasting The rise of new media has brought the question of audience fragmentation and selective exposure to the front burner of concerns by the broadcast media. This is because audience fragmentation has emerged as the inevitable consequence of audience diversity based on diversity of participation and reception that have been enhanced immensely by the convergence of media technologies. Audience fragmentation may also be due to diversity of media content and the loyalty or otherwise of the audience to these various programmes. In the same way there are many broadcast channels and stations even at the external broadcasting level such that loyalties may have become fragmented over the multitude of international stations available to the audience. The array of broadcast options available to the audience may have thus created a remarkable degree of audience fragmentation. There has been created a new multi-platform world due to the convergence of new media. For example, the number of listeners or viewers who now use their PCs or mobile phones for monitoring the newscast instead of waiting for specific time periods of broadcast from their station of choice usually on traditional media may be increasing as more and more people adopt several new media options available to them. Such fragments of listeners or viewers may actually replace their traditional media channels with the ones they now have in multimedia. Some viewers now choose to watch news highlights on the web at their convenience rather than the scheduled news cast they used to frequent. Traditional broadcasters cannot afford to ignore cable and satellite operators as well as the web, mobile and other alternative distribution channels who may have contributed to the fragmentation of their traditional audience. Today media scholars and practitioners have continued to debate whether the mass audience really exists any more or whether mass audience has not become a myth. This issue or question persists because they challenge them to re-think presumed givens of the past while also providing a framework within which to examine the undeniable evidence of fragmentation of the broadcast audience today. As information and communication technologies increasingly become available and affordable to people and are more widely adopted news and current affairs media may have to strategize on ow to move away from being mass media to media targeting and specific niche programming and distribution. The external channel may have to do some audience research to find out what type of audience are disengaging form their traditional media and for what reasons. So also the world-view of such audience may have to be ascertained and embedded in programme content so as to attract the audience. Other forms of distrib ution that may compliment the traditional may have to be considered and appropriated. How to view and review the audience against the backdrop of fragmentation? Any evaluation of audience should start with a disturbing doubt about the continuing validity of the term. On the threshold of an era in which pressing a button summons any song, stock number or movie episode on display anywhere in the house and ‘grazing’ and ‘on demand’ viewing or listening replace the regular traditional listening or viewing habits. The notion of audience as a community or solidarity group, or as a form of involvement in a text which one has not summoned or invented oneself, a text that can surprise, becomes problematic. The danger to audiences posed by their disembodiment into individual dreams bubbles, or their disappearance into time-shift recorders who never find time to listen or view, is not as close as the technologies that allow it. The conditions underlying identity, sociality and community are slower to change than technologies. We know that the world cup or the English league or the Olympic Games find us attending as faithful audience members, be it within the community, the nation or even the globe. These examples however suggest that the term ‘audiences’ is too general. Fans may be more fitting in the case of football, and ‘public’ in the case of an al-Qaida attack. But, whether listening or viewing as we used to know it is seriously threatened, the acutely destabilizing transformations of communication technologies suggest that the concept of ‘audience’ should be studied in tandem with its counterpart: the dominant media and genre it faces. Those changing technologies also suggest that the way in which audiences are situated – is everyone listening or viewing at the same content, are they listening or viewing alone or together, are they talking or silent, is the transmission live or recorded – is inseparable from characteristics of the media they interact with, marked by their technological and institutional characteristics, and the ways in which they perceive their consumers. The larger picture suggests that the contemporary media environment holds two types of threats to audiences. One is the abundance of what is offered, chasing viewers or listeners to an endless choice of niche channels or stations and time-shift options which may operate as a boomerang pushing us to turn on good old broadcast radio or TV and find out what is on. The second threat is the internet. It has been contended that internet user are not really ‘audiences’ as it can not be seen as an electronic mass medium but rather as an umbrella, multi-purpose technology, loaded with a broad range of disparate communication functions, such as shortcutting mediators in the management of daily life. In reality the internet fosters audiences but goes beyond that to provide a myriad of services that may not be in the mode of mass communication especially as it does not fulfill the need of listening or viewing texts over which audiences have no direct control and /or texts that enable the suspending of unbelief. Assuming that in spite of the dramatic transformation in the media environment, audiences are still alive, so do the technologies that nurture them , what follows is a review of the changes undergone by mass media audiences and the ways in which these changes were defined. A very useful scheme to define audiences categorizes them into three: citizens, consumers and jugglers. The audience is categorized thus based on the historical progression of broadcasting through three eras, moving from ‘scarcity’ to ‘availability’ to ‘plenty’. Each phase carries an image of the audience. Scarce broadcasting addresses audiences as a unified mass of ‘citizens’ while available broadcasting addresses them as individual ‘consumers’. Today’s broadcasting of plenty seems to be addressing lonely ‘jugglers’ somewhat paralyzed by endless choice, offering listeners or viewers to either commute between isolated niches or listen or view broadcast as ‘impotent witnesses’. Ellis (2000) as cited by Straubhaar and Boyd (2003), implied that in the first era of scarcity of broadcast, radio and then TV address ‘citizens’ who in the period of availability turn into ‘consumers’ and in the phase of plenty become ‘jugglers’. The ‘citizen’ is a passive audience’ often comprising a lonely crowd subjected to broadcast directed at the mass audience as such broadcast reaches all groups uniformly, but this is soon changed to the ‘consumer’ who is an active audience who has choices and multiple interpretations and plurality of ways of getting involved and varying tastes that can be addressed. The age of plenty provides endless options for activity for the ‘juggler’ audience, but raises the issue of how such activities should be defined. Here, near endless choices weakens commitment and makes the audience to resort to juggling between competing programmes, stations or channels, or media. The monstrous dimensions of choice in this present phase may be leading in two directions. As indicated by Ellis, jugglers can choose between retreating to any obscure, esoteric, isolating niche of broadcasting or joining the citizens and /or consumers by turning to broadcast of traditional radio or TV. What is the implication of audience fragmentation for programme content? Following the identification of today’s audience as a ‘juggler’ audience due to fragmentation the main programme content strategy should border on how to retain the core listeners and viewers and provide niche programmes at the same time. This requires audience research on a more or less continuous basis. International broadcast channels may have to imitate the local FM channels that have mastered the art of creating programme formats that make them unique even where there is a proliferation. The BBC and VOA do a lot of audience research but hardly make them public but they have started utilizing re-distribution and re-transmission on local FM in some regions of world and also making their presence available on the internet and on satellite and cable. What are the prospects of new media? The new media have been widely hailed as a potential way of escape from the oppressive top-down politics of mass democracies in which tightly organized political parties make policy unilaterally and mobilize support behind them with minimal negotiation and grass-roots input. They provide the means for the provision of information and ideas, almost unlimited access for all voices and much feedback and negotiation between sender and receiver in the mass media. They promise new forums for the development of interest groups and formation of opinion, and allow social dialogue without the inevitable intervention of governmental institutions or state machineries. They promise true forms of freedom of expression that may be difficult to control by government. There is the prospect of a reduced role for professional journalist to mediate between citizen and government and to mediate in the public sphere generally. There is also the promise of absence of boundaries, greater speed of transmission and low cost of operations compared to traditional media. The biggest prospect is the ready access for all who want to speak, unmediated by the powerful interests that control the content of print and broadcast. What are the challenges? The new media are no different from the old in terms of social stratification of ownership and access. It is the better-offs that can access and upgrade the new technologies and they are always ahead of the working class or the poor. They are differentially empowered and if anything move further ahead of majority of the people. The new media require new skills and new attitudes to learning and working. There must be the attitude of life-long learning to catch up with new skills demanded by the pace of technological changes. There is also the issue of multi-tasking and its burden or otherwise on the users of new media technologies. Finally, there is overriding challenge of control and diminishing of the freedom of new media. References Anokwa, K. Lin, A. C. , Salwen, B. M. (2003). International Communication: Concepts and Cases. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson. Axford, B. and Huggins, R. (eds). (2001). New Media and Politics. London: Sage. Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M. (2005). Mass Media and Society, 4th ed. London: Hodder Arnold. Jones, S. G. (2003). Encyclopedia of New Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Kamalipour, R. Y. (2007). Global Communication, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson. Koelsch, F. (1995). The Infomedia Rev olution: How it is changing our world and your life. Montreal: Mcgraw-Hill Ryerson. Liebes, T. (2005). Viewing and Reviewing the Audience: Fashions in Communication Research, in Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M. (2005). Mass Media and Society, 4th ed. London: Hodder Arnold. Mcquail, D. (2006). Mcquail’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage. Slevin, J. (2000). The Internet and Society. Cambridge: Polity. Straubhaar, D. J. and Boyd, D. A. (2003). International Broadcasting, in Anokwa, K. , Lin, A. C. , Salwen, B. M. International Communication: Concepts and Cases. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson.